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class="container" id="main-content" tabindex="-1"><div class="post"><article class="post-block h-entry"><div class="post-meta p-author h-card visually-hidden"><img class="author-avatar u-photo" src="../favicon.png" alt="Cytrogen"><span class="p-name">Cytrogen</span><a class="u-url" href="https://cytrogen.icu">https://cytrogen.icu</a></div><a class="post-permalink u-url u-uid visually-hidden" href="https://cytrogen.icu/posts/de2c.html">永久链接</a><div class="p-summary visually-hidden"><p>近期考虑了去学习如何部署自己的网站项目。根据网上的资料，决定先使用 Docker + Nginx 的组合来部署到本地上，之后再考虑部署到云端。</p></div><div class="visually-hidden"><a class="p-category" href="../categories/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0/">编程笔记</a><a class="p-category" href="../tags/Docker/">Docker</a><a class="p-category" href="../tags/%E5%85%A8%E6%A0%88%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5/">全栈实践</a></div><h1 class="post-title p-name">Docker 实践：构建 React 和 Express 项目</h1><div class="post-info"><time class="post-date dt-published" datetime="2024-03-01T06:11:13.000Z">3/1/2024</time><time class="dt-updated visually-hidden" datetime="2026-02-09T17:16:54.693Z"></time></div><div class="post-content e-content"><html><head></head><body><p>近期考虑了去学习如何部署自己的网站项目。根据网上的资料，决定先使用 Docker + Nginx 的组合来部署到本地上，之后再考虑部署到云端。</p>
<span id="more"></span>
<h2 id="项目结构"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#项目结构"></a> 项目结构</h2>
<p>我的项目前端是 React，后端是 Express、使用了 Socket.io 来实现实时通信、使用了 MongoDB 来存储数据。</p>
<p>Docker 容器的话需要为每个服务创建一个容器，所以我需要创建三个容器：前端、后端、数据库。同时还要创建一个 Nginx 容器来作为反向代理。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Nginx 是一个高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器，也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。</p>
<p>那么反向代理是什么意思呢？通常情况下我们如果访问一个网站，浏览器会直接向服务器发送请求，服务器再返回数据给浏览器。而反向代理是指，浏览器发送请求给 Nginx，Nginx 再将请求转发给服务器，服务器返回数据给 Nginx，Nginx 再返回数据给浏览器。</p>
<p>这么做的目的是为了隐藏服务器的真实 IP 地址，提高安全性。因为用户只能向 Nginx 发送请求，而不能直接向服务器发送请求。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="dockerfile"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#dockerfile"></a> Dockerfile</h2>
<p>Docker 是一个开源的应用容器引擎，让开发者可以打包他们的应用以及依赖包到一个可移植的容器中，然后发布到任何流行的 Linux 机器上，也可以实现虚拟化。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>为什么要使用 Docker 呢？因为 Docker 可以让开发者摆脱「在我的机器上可以运行」的问题。</p>
<p>应用能够在任何地方运行，而不用担心环境问题。这样就可以避免因为环境问题导致的 bug，也可以避免因为环境问题导致的部署问题。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Docker 的两个重要概念为镜像和容器。</p>
<p>镜像是一个只读的模板，可以想象为一个菜谱、详细列出了如何制作一道菜的步骤。就像你无法在菜谱上做菜一样，你也无法在镜像上做任何操作。</p>
<p>容器是镜像的一个实例，可以想象为一道菜。Docker（厨师）会根据镜像（菜谱）制作出容器（菜），并且可以对容器进行操作。</p>
<p>Dockerfile 则是编写菜谱的过程。它是一个文本文件，包含了一条条的指令，每一条指令构建一层，从而构建出一个完整的镜像。</p>
<p>每个服务都需要一个 Dockerfile 来构建镜像。我的项目结构中暂且只有前端和后端，所以我需要创建两个 Dockerfile、存放在这两个目录下。</p>
<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># client/Dockerfile</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 使用node:20.11.0-alpine作为基础镜像</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># alpine代表着这是一个轻量级的镜像、体积更小</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> node:<span class="number">20.11</span>.<span class="number">0</span>-alpine</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 设置工作目录</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 工作目录是容器中的一个目录，用来存放项目文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">WORKDIR</span><span class="language-bash"> /app</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 复制package.json到工作目录</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COPY</span><span class="language-bash"> package.json .</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 安装依赖</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="language-bash"> npm install</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 复制所有文件到工作目录</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COPY</span><span class="language-bash"> . .</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 启动项目</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CMD</span><span class="language-bash"> [<span class="string">"npm"</span>, <span class="string">"start"</span>]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">FROM</span> node:<span class="number">20.11</span>.<span class="number">0</span>-alpine</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">WORKDIR</span><span class="language-bash"> /app</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COPY</span><span class="language-bash"> package.json .</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="language-bash"> npm install</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">COPY</span><span class="language-bash"> . .</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># EXPOSE指令通知了Docker、容器在运行时监听的端口</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 这个指令并不会让容器的端口映射到宿主机的端口，如果需要映射，还需要在运行容器时使用-p参数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">EXPOSE</span> <span class="number">4000</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CMD</span><span class="language-bash"> [<span class="string">"node"</span>, <span class="string">"./bin/www"</span>]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>宿主机是指安装了 Docker 的机器，也就是我们的电脑。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="docker-compose"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#docker-compose"></a> Docker Compose</h2>
<p>Docker Compose 是一个用来定义和运行多容器 Docker 应用的工具。通过一个单独的 <code>docker-compose.yml</code> 配置文件来配置应用的服务，然后使用 <code>docker-compose up</code> 命令来从配置文件中构建、启动、管理整个应用。</p>
<p>因为我需要创建多个容器，所以我需要一个 <code>docker-compose.yml</code> 文件来更好地管理这些容器。</p>
<p>在整个项目的根目录下创建一个 <code>docker-compose.yml</code> 文件：</p>
<figure class="highlight yaml"><table><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># docker-compose.yml</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">version:</span> <span class="string">'3'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 定义服务</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">services:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 定义nginx服务</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">nginx:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">image:</span> <span class="string">nginx:alpine</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">ports:</span> <span class="comment"># 将容器的80端口映射到宿主机的80端口</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">"80:80"</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">depends_on:</span> <span class="comment"># 依赖于client和server服务</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">client</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">server</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">volumes:</span> <span class="comment"># 将宿主机的nginx.conf文件映射到容器的/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf文件</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 这里的nginx.conf文件之后会提到</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">networks:</span> <span class="comment"># 将nginx服务加入到app-network网络中</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">app-network</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">client:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">build:</span> <span class="string">./client</span> <span class="comment"># 使用client目录下的Dockerfile构建镜像</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">ports:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">"3000:3000"</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">networks:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">app-network</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">server:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">build:</span> <span class="string">./server</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">ports:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">"4000:4000"</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">networks:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">app-network</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 定义mongodb服务</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">mongodb:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">image:</span> <span class="string">mongo</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">ports:</span> <span class="comment"># 将容器的27017端口映射到宿主机的28017端口，之后会提到为什么端口号不一样</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">"28017:27017"</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">volumes:</span> <span class="comment"># 将mongodb_data卷挂载到/data/db目录</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">mongodb_data:/data/db</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">networks:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">app-network</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">volumes:</span> <span class="comment"># 定义mongodb_data卷</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">mongodb_data:</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">networks:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">app-network:</span> <span class="comment"># 定义app-network网络</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">driver:</span> <span class="string">bridge</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>卷是一种数据持久化和数据共享的机制。它可以将宿主机的目录挂载到容器中，这样容器中的数据就可以持久化到宿主机上了。 即使容器被删除，宿主机上的数据也不会丢失。</p>
<p>网络定义了容器之间如何相互通信。每个网络都代表了一个独立的虚拟网络，容器可以连接到这个网络上，从而实现容器之间的通信。<code>bridge</code> 类型会给容器分配一个 IP 地址，这样容器之间就可以通过 IP 地址相互通信。不同 <code>bridge</code> 类型的网络是隔离的，即使是同一台宿主机上的容器也不能相互通信。</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="配置nginx"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#配置nginx"></a> 配置 Nginx</h4>
<p>Nginx 的配置文件是 <code>nginx.conf</code>，这个文件需要放在 <code>docker-compose.yml</code> 文件所在的目录下。</p>
<figure class="highlight nginx"><figcaption><span>configuration</span></figcaption><table><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="section">server</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attribute">listen</span> <span class="number">80</span>; <span class="comment"># 告诉Nginx监听80端口</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="section">location</span> / { <span class="comment"># 当访问根路径时</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attribute">proxy_pass</span> http://client:3000; <span class="comment"># 将请求转发到client服务的3000端口</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="section">location</span> /api/ { <span class="comment"># 当访问/api路径时</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attribute">proxy_pass</span> http://server:4000; <span class="comment"># 将请求转发到server服务的4000端口</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="section">location</span> /socket.io/ { <span class="comment"># 当访问/socket.io路径时</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attribute">proxy_pass</span> http://server:4000; <span class="comment"># 将请求转发到server服务的4000端口</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attribute">proxy_http_version</span> <span class="number">1</span>.<span class="number">1</span>; <span class="comment"># 使用HTTP/1.1协议</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attribute">proxy_set_header</span> Upgrade <span class="variable">$http_upgrade</span>; <span class="comment"># 设置请求头，和WebSocket有关</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attribute">proxy_set_header</span> Connection <span class="string">'upgrade'</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
<h4 id="mongodb"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#mongodb"></a> MongoDB</h4>
<p>Docker 容器中的 MongoDB 服务不同于平常的 MongoDB 服务。通常服务端连接 MongoDB 的地址是 <code>localhost:27017</code>，但是在 Docker 容器中，要使用 <code>mongodb:27017</code>。</p>
<p>由于我的宿主机上已经有一个 MongoDB 服务在运行，所以我将容器的 27017 端口映射到了宿主机的 28017 端口。这样便可以避免端口冲突、使用宿主机上的 MongoDB Compass 直接连接 <code>localhost:28017</code> 来管理容器中的 MongoDB 服务。</p>
<h2 id="构建和运行"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#构建和运行"></a> 构建和运行</h2>
<p>首先要构建整个应用：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker-compose build</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>如果是想要构建单个服务，可以使用 <code>docker-compose build 服务名</code>。</p>
<p>服务名就是 <code>docker-compose.yml</code> 文件中定义的服务名。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>然后运行整个应用：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker-compose up</span><br></pre></td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>如果想要停止应用，使用 <code>docker-compose down</code>。</p>
<p>和 <code>docker-compose build</code> 一样，如果是想要运行 / 停止单个服务，可以使用 <code>docker-compose up/down 服务名</code>。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>运行后就可以在浏览器中访问 <code>localhost</code> 来查看应用了。</p>
<p>但是以上步骤只是在本地运行，并且我也没有使用开发环境。部署到云端、使用生产环境还需要更多的实践，之后再说。</p>
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